Liver disease crisis: 130 crore people already affected; what we eat and how we live may worsen the risk by 2050

A sharp rise in cases of Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is emerging as a major global health concern, with new research indicating a dramatic increase over the past three decades. According to a study published in The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology, around 1.3 billion people worldwide were living with MASLD in 2023. This represents a staggering 143 per cent increase compared to 1990, highlighting the growing burden of fatty liver disease globally.

The findings are based on data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study, one of the most comprehensive global health datasets tracking disease trends and risk factors.

MASLD cases projected to reach 1.8 billion by 2050

Researchers have warned that MASLD prevalence could rise further to nearly 1.8 billion cases by 2050. The projected increase is largely attributed to rapid population growth, rising obesity rates, and increasing instances of high blood sugar and metabolic disorders.

Lifestyle changes linked to urbanisation, sedentary habits, and poor dietary patterns are key contributors driving the surge in MASLD cases worldwide.

Higher MASLD prevalence in North Africa and Middle East

The study found that regions such as North Africa and the Middle East are witnessing disproportionately higher rates of MASLD compared to other parts of the world. Experts believe this trend is closely linked to changing lifestyles, dietary habits, and limited access to preventive healthcare in certain areas.

Stable disease burden despite rising MASLD cases

Interestingly, while the number of MASLD cases has increased significantly, the overall health burden—measured in years lost due to illness or premature death, has remained relatively stable.

Researchers suggest that advances in medical care, early diagnosis, and improved disease management are helping patients live longer and healthier lives, particularly in the early stages of the condition.

Rising risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer

Despite these improvements, experts caution that the growing number of MASLD cases poses a long-term risk. A larger patient pool increases the likelihood of severe complications such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer in the future.

Early-stage detection does not eliminate risks, especially if lifestyle factors remain unaddressed.

MASLD increasingly affecting younger adults in developing nations

Another concerning trend highlighted in the study is the rising prevalence of MASLD among younger adults, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Rapid urbanisation, processed food consumption, and reduced physical activity are accelerating the spread of metabolic disorders in these regions.

MASLD a global health priority requiring urgent action

Researchers emphasised the urgent need to recognise MASLD as a global public health priority. They called for targeted health policies, increased awareness campaigns, and preventive interventions aimed at reducing risk factors such as obesity and diabetes.

Strengthening healthcare systems and promoting healthier lifestyles will be crucial in mitigating the long-term impact of MASLD.

Key statistics highlight alarming MASLD growth

The study noted that MASLD affected approximately 16.1 per cent of the global population in 2023. The age-standardised prevalence rate rose significantly compared to 1990, underscoring the rapid expansion of this metabolic liver disease.

As global health systems grapple with the growing burden, experts warn that without timely intervention, MASLD could become one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide.

Inputs from PTI